Chapter 3—Observations: Ocean[]
This chapter is part of the Fifth Assessment Report of Working Group I.
Original text[]
CLA (Coordinating Lead Authors)[]
- Monika Rhein (Germany)
- Stephen R. Rintoul (Australia)
LA (Lead Authors)[]
- Shigeru Aoki (Japan)
- Edmo Campos (Brazil)
- Don Chambers (USA)
- Richard A. Feely (USA)
- Sergey Gulev (Russian Federation)
- Gregory C. Johnson (USA)
- Simon A. Josey (UK)
- Andrey Kostianoy (Russian Federation)
- Cecilie Mauritzen (Norway)
- Dean Roemmich (USA)
- Lynne D. Talley (USA)
- Fan Wang (China)
Contributing Authors (Click "Expand" to see list)[]
- Ian Allison (Australia)
- Michio Aoyama (Japan)
- Molly Baringer (USA)
- Nicholas R. Bates (Bermuda)
- Timothy Boyer (USA)
- Robert H. Byrne (USA)
- Sarah Cooley (USA)
- Stuart Cunningham (UK)
- Thierry Delcroix (France)
- Catia M. Domingues (Australia)
- Scott Doney (USA)
- John Dore (USA)
- Paul. J. Durack (USA/Australia)
- Rana Fine (USA)
- Melchor González-Dávila (Spain)
- Simon Good (UK)
- Nicolas Gruber (Switzerland)
- Mark Hemer (Australia)
- David Hydes (UK)
- Masayoshi Ishii (Japan)
- Stanley Jacobs (USA)
- Torsten Kanzow (Germany)
- David Karl (USA)
- Georg Kaser (Austria/Italy)
- Alexander Kazmin (Russian Federation)
- Robert Key (USA)
- Samar Khatiwala (USA)
- Joan Kleypas (USA)
- Ronald Kwok (USA)
- Kitack Lee (Republic of Korea)
- Eric Leuliette (USA)
- Melisa Menéndez (Spain)
- Calvin Mordy (USA)
- Jon Olafsson (Iceland)
- James Orr (France)
- Alejandro Orsi (USA)
- Geun-Ha Park (Republic of Korea)
- Igor Polyakov (USA)
- Sarah G. Purkey (USA)
- Bo Qiu (USA)
- Gilles Reverdin (France)
- Anastasia Romanou (USA)
- Sunke Schmidtko (UK)
- Raymond Schmitt (USA)
- Koji Shimada (Japan)
- Doug Smith (UK)
- Thomas M. Smith (USA)
- Uwe Stöber (Germany)
- Lothar Stramma (Germany)
- Toshio Suga (Japan)
- Neil Swart (Canada/South Africa)
- Taro Takahashi (USA)
- Toste Tanhua (Germany)
- Karina von Schuckmann (France)
- Hans von Storch (Germany)
- Xiaolan Wang (Canada)
- Rik Wanninkhof (USA)
- Susan Wijffels (Australia)
- Philip Woodworth (UK)
- Igor Yashayaev (Canada)
- Lisan Yu (USA)
153 Executive Summary[]
153.1 Introduction[]
153.2 Changes in Ocean Temperature and Heat Content[]
- 153.2.1 Effects of Sampling on Ocean Heat Content Estimates
- 153.2.2 Upper Ocean Temperature
- 153.2.3 Upper Ocean Heat Content
- 153.2.4 Deep Ocean Temperature and Heat Content
- 153.2.5 Conclusions
- Box 153.1: Change in Global Energy Inventory
153.3 Changes in Salinity and Freshwater Content[]
- 153.3.1 Introduction
- 153.3.2 Global to Basin-Scale Trends
- 153.3.3 Regional Changes in Upper Ocean Salinity
- 153.3.4 Evidence for Change of the Hydrological Cycle from Salinity Changes
- 153.3.5 Conclusions
153.4 Changes in Ocean Surface Fluxes[]
- 153.4.1 Introduction
- 153.4.2 Air–Sea Heat Fluxes
- 153.4.3 Ocean Precipitation and Freshwater Flux
- 153.4.4 Wind Stress
- 153.4.5 Changes in Surface Waves
- 153.4.6 Conclusions
153.5 Changes in Water-Mass Properties[]
- 153.5.1 Introduction
- 153.5.2 Intermediate Waters
- 153.5.3 Deep and Bottom Waters
- 153.5.4 Conclusions
153.6 Changes in Ocean Circulation[]
- 153.6.1 Global Observations of Ocean Circulation Variability
- 153.6.2 Wind-Driven Circulation Variability in the Pacific Ocean
- 153.6.3 The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
- 153.6.4 The Antarctic Meridional Overturning Circulation
- 153.6.5 Water Exchange Between Ocean Basins
- 153.6.6 Conclusions
153.7 Sea Level Change[]
- 153.7.1 Introduction and Overview of Sea Level Measurements
- 153.7.2 Trends in Global Mean Sea Level and Components
- 153.7.3 Regional Distribution of Sea Level Change
- 153.7.4 Assessment of Evidence for Accelerations in Sea Level Rise
- 153.7.5 Changes in Extreme Sea Level
- 153.7.6 Conclusions
153.8 Ocean Biogeochemical Changes, Including Anthropogenic Ocean Acidification[]
- 153.8.1 Carbon
- 153.8.2 Anthropogenic Ocean Acidification
- 153.8.3 Oxygen
- Box 153.2: Ocean Acidification
- 153.8.4 Nutrients
- 153.8.5 Conclusions
FAQ 153.1 Is the Ocean Warming?
FAQ 153.2 Is There Evidence for Changes in the Earth’s Water Cycle?
FAQ 153.3 How Does Anthropogenic Ocean Acidification Relate to Climate Change?
153.9 Synthesis[]
153 References[]
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