WG1 AR5 Ch4

Chapter 4—Observations: Cryosphere

This chapter is part of the Fifth Assessment Report of Working Group I. Original text

as published

CLA (Coordinating Lead Authors)

• David G. Vaughan (UK)
• Josefino C. Comiso (USA)

LA (Lead Authors)

• Ian Allison (Australia)
• Jorge Carrasco (Chile)
• Georg Kaser (Austria/Italy)
• Ronald Kwok (USA)
• Philip Mote (USA)
• Tavi Murray (UK)
• Frank Paul (Switzerland/Germany)
• Jiawen Ren (China)
• Eric Rignot (USA)
• Olga Solomina (Russian Federation)
• Konrad Steffen (USA/Switzerland)
• Tingjun Zhang (USA/China)

Contributing Authors (Click "Expand" to see list)

• Anthony A. Arendt (USA)
• David B. Bahr (USA)
• Michiel van den Broeke (Netherlands)
• Ross Brown (Canada)
• J. Graham Cogley (Canada)
• Alex S. Gardner (USA)
• Sebastian Gerland (Norway)
• Stephan Gruber (Switzerland)
• Christian Haas (Canada)
• Jon Ove Hagen (Norway)
• Regine Hock (USA)
• David Holland (USA)
• Matthias Huss (Switzerland)
• Thorsten Markus (USA)
• Ben Marzeion (Austria)
• Rob Massom (Australia)
• Geir Moholdt (USA)
• Pier Paul Overduin (Germany)
• Antony Payne (UK)
• W. Tad Pfeffer (USA)
• Terry Prowse (Canada)
• Valentina Radić (Canada)
• David Robinson (USA)
• Martin Sharp (Canada)
• Nikolay Shiklomanov (USA)
• Sharon Smith (Canada)
• Sharon Stammerjohn (USA)
• Isabella Velicogna (USA)
• Peter Wadhams (UK)
• Anthony Worby (Australia)
• Lin Zhao (China)

154.2 Sea Ice

• 154.2.1 Background
• 154.2.2 Arctic Sea Ice
• 154.2.3 Antarctic Sea Ice

154.3 Glaciers

• 154.3.1 Current Area and Volume of Glaciers
• 154.3.2 Methods to Measure Changes in Glacier Length, Area and Volume/Mass
• 154.3.3 Observed Changes in Glacier Length, Area and Mass

154.4 Ice Sheets

• 154.4.1 Background
• 154.4.2 Changes in Mass of Ice Sheets
• 154.4.3 Total Ice Loss from Both Ice Sheets
• 154.4.4 Causes of Changes in Ice Sheets
• 154.4.5 Rapid Ice Sheet Changes

154.5 Seasonal Snow

• 154.5.1 Background
• 154.5.2 Hemispheric View
• 154.5.3 Trends from In Situ Measurements
• 154.5.4 Changes in Snow Albedo
• 154 Box 4.1: Interactions of Snow within the Cryosphere

154.7 Frozen Ground

• 154.7.1 Background
• 154.7.2 Changes in Permafrost
• 154.7.3 Subsea Permafrost
• 154.7.4 Changes in Seasonally Frozen Ground

154 References

• 154 Appendix 4.A: Details of Available and Selected Ice Sheet Mass Balance Estimates from 1992 to 2012
• 154 Frequently Asked Questions
• 154 FAQ 4.1 How Is Sea Ice Changing in the Arctic and Antarctic?
• 154 FAQ 4.2 Are Glaciers in Mountain Regions Disappearing?

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